Standard (non-mechanical) keyboards typically come in a single layout: a central cluster of keys that includes letters, numbers, and essential function keys like Shift and Enter; a row of function keys (F keys) at the top; a cluster of arrow keys and navigation keys (Page Up, Home, End, etc.); and further to the right, a numeric keypad arranged like a calculator.
In the world of mechanical keyboards, this traditional layout is called 100% or 1800, and it’s far from the only option. There are numerous layouts of varying sizes, identified either by percentages or by key counts. These alternative layouts remove some of the keys from the full-size design to achieve a cleaner, more minimal look while also saving valuable desk space.
Aside from the full-size 100% layout — most commonly found in Pre-built gaming keyboards from mainstream brands — here are some of the most popular alternatives:
96% layout: Includes all the keys from a full-size keyboard but reduces the spacing between clusters for a more compact design.
80% or TKL (Tenkeyless) layout: Removes the number pad entirely, leaving more room on your desk.
75% layout: Skips some function keys above the arrow keys and shifts the arrow cluster closer to the main typing area for a tighter layout.
65% layout: Completely removes the top row of function keys (F1-F12) for a sleeker appearance.
60% layout: Omits both the function row and arrow keys for an ultra-compact setup.
40% layout: Strips away even more, leaving only the absolute essentials for a minimalist build.
There are also some less common layouts, like 70% layout (or FRL-TKL), short for “F-Row-Less TKL.” This layout looks like TKL but does not include the entire function row for an even more streamlined design.
Each layout has its trade-offs, balancing functionality with space-saving and aesthetics, making it easy to find the perfect fit for your preferences and workflow.
A less conventional but increasingly popular layout is the Alice layout. In this design, the keyboard is split into two halves that are angled diagonally toward each other. While it may not be the most aesthetically pleasing option, the Alice layout is considered more ergonomic and comfortable for typing, as it reduces strain on the wrists by allowing a more natural hand position. However, it does require an adjustment period for those unfamiliar with this unique design.
If you’re about to purchase your first mechanical keyboard and don’t use the number pad daily, it’s worth considering a TKL or 75% layout. These are the most beginner-friendly and popular layouts (also favored by advanced users), as they free up desk space, bringing your mouse closer without sacrificing much in terms of usability.
Ask yourself how often you use the F keys or the navigation cluster above the arrow keys. If not much — like most people — you can even go for smaller (and super popular) layouts like 70% or 65%.
ANSI or ISO?
These are the two most common keyboard layouts you’re likely familiar with. The most noticeable difference is the Enter key: in the ANSI layout, it’s wide and spans a single row, while in the ISO layout, it’s taller and takes up two rows. There are also differences in the placement of the backslash key and other smaller keys. ANSI is more common in the U.S., while ISO is predominant in Europe.
Pre-built keyboards usually support only one of these layouts. However, if you’re building a custom keyboard and want the flexibility to try both, check if the PCB and plate support ISO in addition to ANSI. Also, make sure the keycap set you buy includes ISO-specific keys, such as the unique Enter key.
Alternative layouts
You’ve probably heard of QWERTY, named after the sequence of letters on the top row of an English keyboard. This layout dates back to typewriter days (believe it or not, it was originally designed to slow down typing to prevent mechanical jams) and remains the standard for modern keyboards. But it’s not the only option. Here are two alternative layouts with small but passionate followings:
Ergo Split Keyboards: These keyboards are physically split into two separate halves, allowing you to position them on your desk at angles and distances that suit your body. This design helps users type in a posture that reduces strain on the wrists and joints, making it popular among those with wrist pain or conditions like Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Be aware, though, that there’s a learning curve — but many say it’s worth the effort.
Ortholinear Keyboards: In these keyboards, the keys are arranged in straight, grid-like rows instead of the staggered layout seen in traditional keyboards. The goal is to offer a more natural and efficient typing experience while reducing unnecessary hand movements. However, transitioning to this layout can be challenging for anyone accustomed to standard keyboards, requiring significant practice and adjustment.
Even in more “standard” keyboards, you’ll sometimes find slightly unconventional layouts. For example, some keyboards include an extra row of keys in unique positions, or feature what’s known as Southpaw layouts — keyboards designed for left-handed users, where the number pad is placed on the left instead of the right.
Some custom keyboards even allow you to build them in either a regular or left-handed configuration, giving you the flexibility to tailor the keyboard exactly to your needs.
Control Knob (Rotary Encoder)
Some keyboards come equipped with a knob, also known as a Rotary Encoder, and in rare cases, even more than one. The knob is typically used for quick and convenient volume control, replacing the common combo of FN + F keys. In some cases, it can serve additional functions, like adjusting keyboard lighting brightness.
On certain models — though this is less common — you can customize the knob’s functionality, allowing it to perform tasks like zooming in and out, which can be especially useful for users working with graphic design software.
If you’re considering a keyboard with a knob, check which key it replaces and what you’ll be sacrificing. For instance, in some layouts, the knob takes the place of the PrtScr key or another function key, while in others, the keys are simply shifted closer together to make room without eliminating any.
